Small business owners will have one more item on their compliance to-do list when the Corporate Transparency Act (CTA) takes effect next year on January 1, 2024.
The CTA1, enacted as part of the Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2020 (AMLA), places new reporting requirements on many business entities in an effort to expose illegal activities, including the use of shell companies to launder money or conceal illicit funds. Around 32 million small businesses will be impacted by the law, which will establish a federal database of information, furnished by “reporting companies,” that will be accessible to certain authorities and organizations.
A final rule has been issued stating how the new law will be implemented to help businesses understand whether the law applies to them, how to comply, and which agencies will have access to the information they must report. CTA violations carry civil and criminal penalties, including imprisonment.
Why was the CTA passed?
The CTA was passed as part of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021. It directs the US Department of the Treasury’s Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) to gather information from private companies about their owners and controlling persons. Acting Director Himamauli Das said, “Fin CEN is taking aggressive aim at those who would exploit anonymous shell corporations, front companies, and other loopholes to launder the proceeds of crimes, such as corruption, drug and arms trafficking, or terrorist financing.”2 To counter the risks allegedly posed by anonymous shell companies, the CTA mandates the creation of a national registry that contains certain information about business entities that are formed by filing a document with a state’s secretary of state or similar office.
What does the CTA require?
Effective January 1, 2024, the CTA requires that certain businesses disclose to FinCEN information about the company, its beneficial owners, and in some cases, the company applicant. Reporting companies—defined as any company with twenty or fewer employees that is formed by filing paperwork with the Secretary of State or equivalent official—that are created or registered prior to January 1, 2024, have until January 1, 2025, to file an initial report; reporting companies created or registered after January 1, 2024, will have ninety days after creation or registration to file a report. Read FinCen’s Beneficial Ownership Information Reporting FAQ here.
Does the CTA require my business to report?
The CTA applies to companies that are created by filing a document with a state authority. Typically, this includes corporations and limited liability companies. Depending on the state, it could also include limited partnerships, professional associations, cooperatives, real estate investment trusts, and trusts. In addition, the CTA applies to non-US companies that are registered to operate in the United States. However, the CTA exempts around two dozen categories of companies, including companies that
- are publicly-traded;
- have more than twenty full-time US employees;
- filed a previous year’s tax return showing more than $5 million in gross receipts or sales;
- operate in a regulated industry, such as banking, utilities, or insurance, that already imposes similar reporting requirements; or,
- are subsidiaries of exempt organizations.
- The exemptions, which generally include larger companies that are already subject to regulation, underline the primary purpose of the CTA: to combat money laundering and other illicit activities conducted via small, private, and anonymous shell companies.
What information must be provided in the reports?
The CTA requires three categories of information to be reported: company, owners, and applicant.
- Domestic reporting companies created before January 1, 2024, must provide information about the company and its beneficial owners.
- Beneficial owner is defined in the CTA as an individual who exercises “substantial
control” over the reporting company or has an ownership interest of at least 25 percent. - Company senior officers, directors, and others who make significant decisions on behalf of the company may meet this statutory definition of “substantial control,” although the broad definition may cause confusion in some instances.
- Domestic reporting companies created on or after January 1, 2024, must provide information about the company, its beneficial owners, and its company applicants. A company applicant generally is the individual who files the formation document with
state authorities for the reporting company.
Technically, the information to be filed with FinCEN is called a Beneficial Ownership Information (BOI) Report. The following is what is required in the report for a company, an owner, and an applicant:
- The reporting company must provide its name and any alternative (DBA) names, the address of its principal place of business, the state of formation, and its taxpayer identification number or FinCEN identifier.
- Each beneficial owner of a reporting company must furnish their full legal name, date of birth, residential address, and an identification number from a driver’s license, passport, or other state-issued identification (ID), along with a copy of the ID document.
- A company applicant is required to submit the same information as a beneficial owner.
Who has access to FinCEN BOI reports?
The CTA authorizes FinCEN to disclose BOI information to five categories of recipients3:
- US federal, state, local, and tribal government agencies
- Foreign law enforcement agencies, judges, prosecutors, and other authorities
- Financial institutions
- Federal regulators
- US Department of the Treasury
FinCEN may only disclose BOI information “under specific circumstances”: there are more stringent requirements for agencies other than those engaged in national security, intelligence, and law enforcement activities. There are also restrictions on how the information may be used and how it must be secured.
Some small business owners have expressed concerns about the privacy implications of the CTA. The NSBA has filed a lawsuit challenging the CTA’s constitutionality, in part on privacy grounds over sharing “sensitive information” with the government4.
Are there penalties for noncompliance with the CTA?
Penalties for noncompliance may be steep. Willingly providing false information (including false identifying documents) to FinCEN, or failing to report complete BOI information, can result in:
- Fines of $500 per day, up to $10,000
- Imprisonment for up to two years
1 National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021, Pub. L. No. 116-283, 134 Stat. 3388 (Jan. 1, 2021).
2 Press Release, U.S. Dep’t of the Treasury, Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, FinCEN Issues Proposed Rule for Beneficial Ownership Reporting to Counter Illicit Finance and Increase Transparency (Dec. 7, 2021), https://www.fincen.gov/news/news-releases/fincen-issues-proposed-rule-beneficial-ownership-reporting-counter-illicit.,
3 Beneficial Ownership Information Access and Safeguards, and Use of FinCEN Identifiers for Entities, 87 Fed. Reg. 77404 (proposed Dec. 16, 2022).
4 Dave LaChance, Small business group sues over federal ownership database, cites concerns over sharing ‘sensitive’ info, Repairer Driven News (Nov. 17, 2022), https://www.repairerdrivennews.com/2022/11/17/small-business-group-sues-over-federal-ownership-database-cites-concerns-over-sharing-sensitive-info/.